ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The knowledge of clinicians regarding blood transfusion services may impact patient care and transfusion outcome. The wide variation in transfusion practices among clinicians leads to inappropriate blood product usage and jeopardizes patient safety. Hence, this survey study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice among the residents and interns of safe blood transfusion. Methods: The online survey was based on self-administered questionnaires of three sections: 1. Demography; 2. Knowledge, and; 3. Attitude and Practice. One point was assigned for the correct response of each question in every section. The knowledge score was further categorized into three categories, depending on the points obtained. The participants were also divided into four groups, depending on their experience. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the difference of knowledge and practice scores in three designated groups of residents and interns. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Result: A total of 247 residents and interns participated in this study. Thirteen participants had an incomplete response. Out of 234 participants, Senior Residents (SR), Junior Residents (JR), and interns were 70, 96 and 68 participants, respectively. The knowledge scores of interns were significantly low, as compared to SRs and JRs. Practice scores of interns were also significantly low, compared to the JRs. However, most of the residents and interns (85%) were aware of the pre-transfusion testing. Conclusion: Therefore, the mandatory incorporation of the transfusion medicine subject in the undergraduate curriculum can help the young budding doctors to better implement the patient blood management.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the prevalence of common dyslipidemia among overweight and obese children between 2-18 years in a tribal region. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 151 overweight and obese children aged 2-18 years, who visited the pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Jharkhand between 1 August and 30 November, 2022. Dyslipidemia was defined as anyone of the following: a total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL, a triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL, a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (LDL-C) of 140 mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C) of 40 mg/dL, or the use of a lipid-lowering drug [8]. Overweight and obesity were defined as per World Health Organization criteria. Result: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 63.6%. The most common type of dyslipidemia was low HDL-C + high TG levels found in 32.5% (n=49) children. The most prevalent pattern of dyslipidemia in overweight children was low HDL-C (19, 32.3%); and in obese children low HDL-C and high TG levels (39, 42.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was high among overweight and obese children in this region. There was a positive association between dyslipidemia and body mass index.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Thyroid lesions are fairly common and have a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from functional, immune mediated to neoplastic lesions. Malignancy of thyroid constitutes approximately 1% of all cancers. These malignant tumors of thyroid gland exhibit a variety of histopathologies and clinical behavior. Immune markers are gaining more and more importance in diagnostic pathology, especially in the differential diagnostics and in the grading of thyroid gland tumors. In the recent times Galectin-3 has received notable recognition for its usefulness as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer. To evaluate the diagnostic role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in Aims and objectives: differentiating malignant from benign thyroid neoplasm. In this observational study, we evaluated Gal-Material and method: 3 expression in a spectrum of all non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions including benign and malignant lesions of thyroid gland. All types of thyroidectomy specimens were xed in 10% formal saline and subjected to histopathological examination. Sections were stained with H&E stain. Gal-3 immunoperoxidase reaction was carried out in histological sections from all the cases and descriptive analysis was done. In the study of 100 cases of thyroid swelling were included and evaluated by Result: histopathological and by using Gal-3 immunoperoxidase marker. Out of 100 cases, majority of thyroid lesions were seen in females with 76 cases (76%) while only 24 cases (24%) were seen in male. Among 66 non-neoplastic cases, only 6 cases (9.1%) and among 34 neoplastic lesions, 28 cases (82.4%) were positive for galectin-3 marker. Statistical signicance of galectin-3 expression between non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions found to be statistically signicant (P value <0000.1). The sensitivity and specicity of galectin-3 detection of malignant lesions were found to be 82.4% and 91% respectively with 82.4% positive predictive value and 90.9% negative predictive value. We suggest that Galectin-3 expression is helpful in Conclusion: enabling better diagnosis and patient care by guiding appropriate therapeutic decisions.
ABSTRACT
Introduction:The talus is a tarsal bone articulated with the tibia, fibula, navicular, and calcaneus bones to form supratalar, pretalar, and subtalar joints, respectively. A squatting facet is a kind of anomaly that forms on the surfaces where the tibia and talus articulate. The squatting facet states the daily activities and living style of society. Squatting is described as the hyperflexion of the hip and the knee and the movement of hyperdorsiflexion between the leg and the ankle. Materials and Methods: In the present cross‑sectional study, 600 dry adult human tali were taken from the osteology laboratory in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow. Each talus was examined for the presence of various patterns of articular facets on the neck of the talus and extensions of its trochlear surface. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, as reference code: 121 ECMIIA/P3. Results: In our study, we observed that the lateral, medial, and combined squatting faces are 282 (47.64%), 49 (8.28%), and 22 (3.72%), respectively. Lateral, medial, and continuous trochlear extensions are 126 (21.12%), 120 (20.58%), and 31 (5.36%), respectively, in the Indian population. Conclusion: Modifications of the neck of the talus (squatting facets and trochlear extensions) are the result of prolonged squatting positions, which is a common habit of the Indian population, and incidences of these variations can be used as an anthropological marker for racial and regional differentiation of unidentified bones.
ABSTRACT
Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by H. capsulatum usually in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV-AIDS. Though oral manifestations are rare, they could be the only and initial manifestation of HIV-AIDS. We report the case of a 23-year-old female who presented with oral ulcer and palatal perforation and detected to be suffering from disseminated histoplasmosis. She also turned out to be HIV positive. Her CD4+ count was undetectable. She responded well to intravenous liposomal Amphotericin B, oral itraconazole and antiretroviral therapy. To the best of our knowledge, histoplasmosis presenting as palatal perforation as the first manifestation of HIV-AIDS has not been reported from South India previously. A high index of suspicion is needed in such cases of exaggerated oral lesions even in states like Kerala to avoid delay in diagnosis and therapy.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary eye care centre to study the incidence of tear film dysfunction and its recovery in diabetics and non-diabetics after clear corneal phacoemulsification. Methods: A total of 50 diabetics and 50 non-diabetics underwent clear corneal phacoemuslfication. Schirmer’s I test (SIT), tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining, tear meniscus height (TMH), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) assessment were done preoperatively, postoperatively at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months in both groups to assess tear film function. Results: Both groups showed decreased SIT and TBUT values on postoperative Day 7, after which they gradually improved. SIT and TBUT values in diabetics were significantly lower than that in non-diabetics postoperatively (P < 0.001). SIT in non- diabetics reached baseline levels at postoperative 3 months. OSDI scores reached peak levels in both groups on postoperative Day 7, but were higher in diabetics than non-diabetics (P < 0.001). OSDI scores gradually improved over 3 months but remained over baseline levels in both groups. Corneal staining was positive in 22% diabetics and 8% non-diabetics at postoperative Day 7. However, none of the patients had corneal staining at 3 months. Tear meniscus height (TMH) did not reveal any significant difference between the two groups at any time interval. Conclusion: We concluded that tear film dysfunction after clear corneal incision occurs in both groups, but is more severe and recovers more slowly in diabetics than non-diabetics.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To study ocular surface signs, symptoms, and tear film composition following prophylactic thermal pulsation therapy (TPT) prior to refractive surgery, and to compare these outcomes with those who underwent TPT after refractive surgery. Methods: Patients with mild?to?moderate evaporative dry eye disease (DED) and/or meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) undergoing refractive surgery were included. Group 1 patients received TPT (LipiFlow) prior to laser?assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK; n = 32, 64 eyes), and Group 2 patients received TPT three months after LASIK (n = 27, 52 eyes). Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, Schirmer’s test (ST1, ST2), Tear Breakup Time (TBUT), meibography, and tear fluid were obtained preoperatively and at three months postoperatively in Groups 1 and 2. Additional postoperative evaluation was performed three months after TPT in Group 2. Tear soluble factor profile was measured by multiplex enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using flow cytometry. Results: Postoperative OSDI score was significantly lower and TBUT was significantly higher when compared with matched preoperative values of Group 1 participants. On the other hand, the postoperative OSDI score was significantly higher and TBUT significantly lower when compared with matched preoperative values of Group 2 participants. TPT significantly reduced the postoperative elevation in OSDI and significantly reduced the postoperative reduction in TBUT in Group 2 participants. Tear Matrix metalloproteinase?9/ Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP?9/TIMP1) ratio was significantly higher, postoperatively, when compared with matched preoperative levels in Group 2. However, MMP9/TIMP1 ratio remained unaltered in Group 1 participants. Conclusion: TPT prior to refractive surgery improved postsurgical ocular surface signs and symptoms and reduced tear inflammatory factors, thereby suggesting the plausibility of reduced post?refractive surgery DED in patients.
ABSTRACT
With changes in lifestyle, such as the increasing use of digital screens and rising demand for refractive surgery, dry eye disease has become increasingly prevalent in recent times. While we are equipped with a number of diagnostic modalities and a myriad of treatment forms, ranging from topical medication to procedural therapies, the condition remains an enigma in terms of varied patient satisfaction. An understanding of the molecular basis of a disease may open up new avenues in the customization of its treatment. We attempt to simplify this in the form of a stepwise protocol to incorporate biomarker assays in dry eye management.
ABSTRACT
Background: In endemic regions of several countries, the prevalence of leprosy has not come down to the level of elimination. On the contrary, new cases are being detected in large numbers. Clinically, it is frequently noted that despite completion of multibacillary multidrug therapy for 12 months, the lesions remain active, especially in cases with high bacteriological indices. Aim: The present study focused on finding out the viable number of Mycobacterium leprae during the 12-month regimen of multibacillary multidrug therapy, at six and 12 months intervals and, attempting to determine their role in disease transmission. Methods: Seventy eight cases of multibacillary leprosy cases were recruited from leprosy patients registered at The Leprosy Mission hospitals at Shahdara (Delhi), Naini (Uttar Pradesh) and Champa (Chhattisgarh), respectively. Slit skin smears were collected from these patients which were transported to the laboratory for further processing. Ribonucleic acid was extracted by TRIzol method. Total Ribonucleic acid was used for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (two-step reactions). A standard sample with a known copy number was run along with unknown samples for a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were further assessed for their clinical and molecular parameters during 6th month and 12th month of therapy. Results: All 78 new cases showed the presence of a viable load of bacilli at the time of recruitment, but we were able to follow up only on 36 of these patients for one year. Among these, using three different genes, 20/36 for esxA, 22/36 for hsp18 and 24/36 for 16S rRNA cases showed viability of M. leprae at the time of completion of 12 months of multidrug therapy treatment. All these positive patients were histopathologically active and had bacillary indexes ranging between 3+ and 4+. Patients with a high copy number of the Mycobacterium leprae gene, even after completion of treatment as per WHO recommended fixed-dose multidrug therapy, indicated the presence of live bacilli. Limitations: Follow up for one year was difficult, especially in Delhi because of the migratory nature of the population. Patients who defaulted for scheduled sampling were not included in the study. Conclusion: The presence of a viable load of bacilli even after completion of therapy may be one of the reasons for relapse and continued transmission of leprosy in the community
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To estimate the postoperative astigmatism after small?incision cataract surgery (SICS) done by junior residents at the end of 1 and 3 months. Methods: This observational longitudinal study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary eye care hospital and research center. 50 patients enrolled in the study underwent manual small incision cataract surgery by junior residents. Preoperative detailed ocular examination was done, which included keratometric estimation using autokeratometer (GR?3300K). Incision length, distance of incision from the limbus, and type of suturing technique were noted. Postoperatively, keratometric readings were noted at 1 and 3 months. Astigmatism (surgically induced astigmatism [SIA]) was estimated using Hill’s SIA calculator version 2.0. All the analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 26.0 (IBM Corp., USA) software, and the statistical significance was tested at a 5% level. Results: Out of 50 patients, 54% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D and 32% had SIA of more than 2.5 D. Only 14% had SIA less than 1.5 D at the end of 1 month. While 52% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D, 22% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D and 26% had SIA less than 1.5 D at the end of 3 months. Conclusion: The SIA in most of the SICS done by junior residents was above 1.5 D. It depended mainly on the incision length, its distance from the limbus, and the suturing technique.
ABSTRACT
Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal malignancy of the monocyte-macrophage system. Patients with lesions in 搑isk organs� have significantly higher risk of mortality than patients with lesions limited to 搉on-risk� sites. The influence of early response to therapy on long-term survival in this heterogeneous multi-system disease was analyzed. Methods: During a 7-year period, we retrospectively analyzed the findings in 24 consecutive patients who required systemic chemotherapy for LCH [single system with multifocal bone involvement and multisystem involvement with or without risk organ (RO) involvement]. All patients were started on vinblastine and prednisolone. Progressive disease was treated with salvage protocols or targeted therapy. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT)/conventional CT based response assessment was performed at week 6 of chemotherapy, and if needed after week 12 of chemotherapy. Results: MFO bone, MS ROneg, and MS ROpos LCH was observed in 3, 4, and 17 patients, respectively. Age range of patients varied from 1 month�years (median = 18 months). The EFS and OS were 100% and 100% for MFO bone, 50% and 100%, respectively, for MS ROneg and 35% and 52%, respectively, for MS ROpos. OS was 93% and 100% for CR attained at 6 and 12 weeks respectively regardless of the risk status (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Rapid early response, that is, complete remission at 6 and 12 weeks was associated with significantly improved overall survival. In slow responders, early salvage with alternative regimens or targeted therapy may result in better outcomes
ABSTRACT
Background : Assessment of Sexual Maturity Rating and Testicular Volume are indispensable in the routine assessment of puberty in boys. There is paucity of data in Indian population for Testicular Volume particularly in early adolescence. Aims : The aims of the study were to collect data for testicular volume,correlate testicular volume with Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) and the clinical onset of puberty; and to identify Testicular abnormalities in boys aged 5 to 17 years in an Urban setting in Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods : A prospective observational study was undertaken in boys aged5 to 17years of age from Gujarat from April, 2019 to August, 2019. Mean Testicular Volume was measured with a Prader抯 orchidometer. Parameters like Age, Weight and Height were also measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Pubertal stage was categorized using Tanner staging. Data was statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Results : 977 boys were included in the study. Mean age at SMR stage 2 was 11.22 years. SMR stage 2 was earliest seen at 6 years and latest at 15 years of age. 15% of boys in pre-adolescence, 60% in early adolescence and 94% in middle adolescence showed changes of Puberty. Precocious puberty was detected in 33 boys (3.38%). Delayed Puberty was detected in 4 boys (0.4%) and Undescended Testes in 4 boys (0.4%). Testicular Volume showed positive correlation with Weight, Height and BMI.
ABSTRACT
Background: Worldwide, a declining trend is observed in sexually transmitted infections of bacterial origin which is reflected as a rise in the proportion of viral sexually transmitted infections. Aims: To find out the clinical referral patterns of sexually transmitted infections among patients who attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic attached to Dermatology and Venereology Department of Government Medical College, Kozhikode from 1.1.1998 to 31.12.2017 and to study the linear trends in the pattern of sexually transmitted infections over 20 years. Methods: After clearance from the institutional ethics committee, a retrospective study was conducted among patients who attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic of Government Medical College, Kozhikode from 1.1.1998 to 31.12.2017 and were diagnosed to have sexually transmitted infections. Results: During the 20 year study period 5227 patients, attended the sexually transmitted infection clinic of our institution. Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection was made in 2470 (47.3%) cases. Predominant sexually transmitted infections were herpes genitalis (964, 39%), condyloma acuminata (921, 37.9%) and syphilis (418, 17.2%). Viral sexually transmitted infections (1885, 76.3%) outnumbered bacterial sexually transmitted infections (575, 23.3%). A declining trend was noted for both bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections over the 20 year period, which was more marked for the former. But the latter years of the study documented a rising trend in total sexually transmitted infections including bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Limitations: The study does not reflect the status of sexually transmitted infections in the general population since it was conducted in a tertiary referral center. Conclusion: The disturbing ascending trend recorded in sexually transmitted infections including syphilis during the final years of the 20-year period needs to be watched closely, to plan future strategies
ABSTRACT
Painful menstrual cramps during or around the time of the monthly cycle are known as dysmenorrhea. The estimated global prevalence in women of reproductive age ranges from 45% to 95%. It has a significant negative impact on regular activities and productivity at work. However, despite the severe consequences on quality of life, primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is underdiagnosed. Dysmenorrhea has complex pathogenesis. It involves the release of prostaglandins and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and also includes the involvement of other mediators such as bradykinin, histamine and acetylcholine. Even though nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the most common type of pain medication, the question of which one should be the most preferred is still open to debate. The current review examines the existing evidence for the pathogenesis of PD and makes evidence based and clinical experience based recommendations for the use of mefenamic acid and its combination in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Mefenamic acid alleviates PD by inhibiting endometrial prostaglandin formation, restoring normal uterine activity, and reducing the inflammatory response by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing the release of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1?. It is also known to have bradykinin antagonist activity. Dicyclomine has a dual action of blocking the muscarinic action of acetylcholine in postganglionic parasympathetic effect or regions and acting directly on uterine smooth muscle by blocking bradykinin and histamine receptors to relieve spasms. According to the experts, mefenamic acid and dicyclomine act synergistically by acting on the different pathways of dysmenorrhea by blocking multifactorial agents attributed to the cause of dysmenorrhea. Hence, the combination of mefenamic acid and dicyclomine should be the preferred treatment option for dysmenorrhea.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade de preensão é uma ação diária essencial em casa e no local de trabalho, onde muitas vezes é necessário levantar e segurar cargas com uma preensão relativamente estática usando contração isométrica. A força e resistência muscular no aspecto proximal das extremidades superiores influenciam na função da mão, e indivíduos com força e resistência reduzidas são mais propensos a desenvolver distúrbios musculoesqueléticos relacionados ao trabalho. Uma boa resistência de preensão pode ser influenciada pela estabilização fornecida pelos músculos do ombro. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a extensão da correlação entre resistência de preensão manual e resistência muscular da escápula em jovens assintomáticos. MÉTODO: O tamanho da amostra para este estudo foi n = 62, com base em estudos anteriores. Indivíduos saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram incluídos. Uma avaliação objetiva da resistência da preensão foi realizada usando um dinamômetro manual hidráulico, e a resistência escapular foi avaliada usando o teste muscular escapular. RESULTADOS: A análise de dados foi realizada usando o SPSS versão 20. Houve correlações positivas significativas entre as medidas de resistência escapular e a resistência de preensão palmar para ambos os lados (teste de correlação de Pearson, r = 0,612 (p < 0,001) e r = 0,524 (p < 0,001), respectivamente, para resistência de preensão da mão não dominante e dominante). CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os achados preliminares deste estudo sustentam que a resistência do músculo escapular exibe uma relação com a resistência da preensão palmar, sugerindo que o treinamento de resistência escapular pode ser um complemento eficaz no processo de reabilitação das funções da extremidade superior.
INTRODUCTION: Gripping activity is an essential daily activity at home and at the workplace, where lifting and holding loads with a relatively static grip using isometric contraction is often required. Muscle strength and endurance in the proximal aspect of the upper extremities influence hand function, and individuals with reduced strength and endurance are more prone to developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Good grip endurance might be influenced by the stabilization provided by shoulder muscles. This study aims to determine the correlation between hand grip endurance and scapula muscle endurance among young asymptomatic individuals. METHOD: The sample size for this study is n = 62, based on previous studies. Healthy individuals of both genders, aged between 18 and 25 years, were included. An objective assessment of grip endurance was performed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer, while scapular endurance was evaluated using the scapular muscle test. RESULTS: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. There were significant positive correlations between scapular endurance measures and the hand grip endurance on both sides (Pearson correlation test, r = 0.612 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.524 (p < 0.001), respectively, for non-dominant and dominant hand grip endurance). FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The preliminary findings of this study support the notion that scapular muscle endurance is related to hand grip endurance, suggesting that scapular endurance training may be an effective adjunct in the rehabilitation process for upper extremity functions.
Subject(s)
Physical Endurance , Hand Strength , Muscle Strength DynamometerABSTRACT
Background: Men and women are equally affected by low back pain (LBP), which can range in intensity from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp sensation that hinders the person. Pain can begin abruptly due to an accident or by lifting something heavy, or it can develop over time due to age-related changes in the spine. LBP is one of the primary healthcare problems in all developing countries; nurses play a vital role in giving different interventions to treat back pain effectively. This study aims to study the effect of selected physical exercise on LBP among patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) in selected hospitals. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, one-group pretest–posttest time series research design was used to conduct a study among the patients attending OPD in selected hospitals. A total of 160 respondents were studied from October 2021 to February 2022. A numerical pain scale and a semistructured self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data. Only respondents who gave informed consent were issued the questionnaire to complete at their convenience. Physical exercises were demonstrated and done by patients for 6 weeks, thrice a day in a week for 30 min regularly. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Descriptive data were presented in the form of bar graphs and frequency tables. Results: The study showed that 59.37% of the respondents had severe LBP in the pretest. After doing selected physical exercises, the severe pain level reduced to 56.25% in post-test-1, 32.5% in post-test-2, and 14.37% in post-test-3. The t value of the difference in mean reduction of LBP was tabulated, and the calculated t values were (0.78, 5.60, 9.64) statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: LBP is seen as an issue for all ages and all sectors of society. One common component of pain treatment programs focuses on increased physical exercise reconditioning, and exercise would increase strength and concomitantly decrease pain as a long-term effect. The investigator found that physical activities were very effective and beneficial in reducing back pain among patients with LBP.
ABSTRACT
Menstruation is a normal body function initiated in response to ovarian hormones which inturn is controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Menstrual patterns can also be an indicator of health status of the reproductive tract and self-awareness of the reproductive well-being. The causes may be varying right from disturbances in hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus influencing general health. Hence women who do not get their menstruation on the expected date will try to consume food/medicines whichever they think will induce menstruation at the earliest. The choice of medication to do so is very limited and there are no certain medicines which a gynecologist can prescribe to her patient’s in order to bring the menstruation at the earliest which is not expected at the date. So it will be a great boon to the woman if it can be replaced by natural remedies with no side effects. Present study has been undertaken to evaluate the combined effect of Jeeraka and Krishna jeeraka choorna in the induction of menstruation. 20 patients complaining of Anartava (amenorrhea) of more than 40 days, attending the OPD & IPD of Prasuti Tantra & Stree Roga Department, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Ayurveda Hospital, Kuthpady, Udupi, were selected for the study. Based on the assessment criteria, the data was graded and statistically analysed using wilcoxon’s signed rank test and paired T test. After the intervention it was observed that the medicine is having good action in induction of menstruation (85%).
ABSTRACT
Goats [Capra aegagrus hircus (L.)] play a significant role in providing supplementary income and livelihood to humans. The intestine plays a major role in foetus development and growth, and duodenum, as the part of small intestine, is responsible for breakdown of food. As there is not much studies available in literature on this aspect, here, we investigated the developing duodenum of 30 goat embryos/foeti irrespective of breed and sex. The tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and in cold acetone. Different histochemical techniques were applied for the detection and localization of neutral mucopolysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides, bound lipids, alkaline phosphatase enzymes, acid phosphatase enzymes, and DNA. The intensity of reactions increased as the age of foeti advanced. The goblet cells of the intestinal gland showed moderate reaction for Periodic acid schiff (PAS) and Acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPs) in the mid prenatal period (Gr. II) and intense to highly intense reaction in the late prenatal period (Gr. III). The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells exhibited negative to mild reaction for bound lipids in Gr. I, mild to moderate in Gr. II and mild to intense reaction in Gr. III. The luminal border of epithelial cells exhibited mild reaction in Gr. I & II, and moderate to intense reaction in Gr. III. The luminal border showed weak acid phosphatase reaction in Gr. I & II, and mild to moderate reaction in Gr. III. The nuclei of the epithelial cells showed mild to moderate Feulgen reaction in Gr. I & II, and intensely positive reaction in Gr. III.